이번 그리스미술에 관한 강의 덕분에
그동안 읽었던 그리곤 밀쳐두었던 책들이 다시
빛을 보고 있네요.
다시 시작한 반신욕,그 시간에 서양문화의 역사 1권을
다시 읽고 있는 중인데
글씨에 불과하던 것이 마음을 담아서 읽으니
생생하게 살아나는 것이 신기합니다.
인터넷에서 페리클레스를 검색하니 쉬운 영어로
아주 잘 정리한 글이 있어서 함께 읽을 겸 올려놓습니다.
How the streets of Athens might have looked, from The Greeks documentary
Pericles was born around 493 BC into a rich aristocratic family. On his mother's side he was related to the great reformer Cleisthenes. His father was a famous general.
Little is known of his early life and this may be partly to do with the great events going on all around him. These were tumultuous times for Athens. When Pericles was only three years old the Persians made their first bid to conquer the Greeks, being soundly defeated at Marathon. By the time he was 13 they had returned again, and undoubtedly the teenage Pericles would have been among the many women and children evacuated from Athens during the battle at Salamis.
우리는 역사기록에서 페리클레스 시대의 황금기
아테네에 대해서만 읽고 그 다음에
그가 치룬 펠로폰네소스 전쟁,그 와중에서 병으로 죽었다는 것 정도를 읽게 되지만
이렇게 어린 시절부터의 기록을 보니 그림을 더 잘 그려볼 수 있는 힘이 생기네요.
The Theatre at Athens from The Greeks documentary
In 472 BC, eight years after the defeat of the Persians at Salamis, the young Pericles, now in his late 20s, sponsored a major dramatic production for the festival of Dionysus. As well as providing entertainment for the whole city, this annual event was also an opportunity for sponsors to bring their name to wider public attention.
Pericles was lucky enough to be assigned to sponsor Aeschylus, the first of the great tragic playwrights. Aeschylus' play, 'The Persians' was considered a masterpiece and won first prize, bringing its sponsor, Pericles, to widespread public prominence.
Around this time he also married, though, as with so much about male-dominated ancient Greece, we don't even know the name of his wife. She bore him two sons.
Pericles' first real involvement in politics began a decade later, in 461. He became involved with a politician called Ephialtes. Together they organised a vote in the popular assembly that deprived the Areopagus, the old noble council, of its remaining powers. It was an action that would have huge consequences, and many historians believe it to mark the defining moment of Athenian democracy.
페리클레스가 에피알테스와 함께 귀족의회라고 할 수 있는
아레오파고스로부터 힘을 빼앗은 일이
아테네의 민주정을 앞당긴 계기가 되었다고 하네요.
In the stormy aftermath of the old noble council losing its powers, Pericles' ally, Ephialtes, was assassinated. It was a dangerous time for the budding leader as Cimon, the pro-Spartan politician who had probably organized the ostracism of Themistocles ten years before in 470, tried to re-assert himself as Athens' foremost politician.
But Cimon underestimated the power of the common people and was ostracised. As a result Pericles now joined the front rank of Athenian politicians. Over the next ten years he led several important military expeditions, helped reinforce Athens' control over the naval alliance called the Delian League, approved a final peace with Persia, and introduced payment for jury service. This last act marked a major step forward for the poor, since they too could now afford to take time off their normal work to become involved in politics.
Athenian democracy was entering its most radical phase...
그런 큰 사건이 아무런 후유증없이 넘어가긴 어렵겠지요?
에피알테스가 암살되고 친스파르타파인 시몬이 권력을
잡으려다 민중들에 의해 도편추방되고 그 덕분에
페리클레스가 정치에 참여하게 되었는데
그가 델로스동맹을 이끌어내고 ,배심원들에게 급료를 지불함으로써 가난한 시민들도
생계에 대해서 걱정하지 않고 정치적인 일에 참여하게 됨으로써
민주정을 확대하는 길을 열어놓았다고요.
In 451 Pericles introduced a new citizenship law which prevented the son of an Athenian father and a non-Athenian mother becoming a full citizen. The law's main effect was to curb the power of the aristocrats since if their heirs could not be legally recognized they could no longer forge alliances with aristocrats from other cities. Ironically, it would have major consequences for Pericles own private life.
A few years later Pericles divorced his wife and started to live with a beautiful foreign courtesan called Aspasia, described by Socrates as one of the most intelligent and witty women of her time. The relationship scandalized polite society, especially because they remained unmarried and Pericles treated her as an equal, an almost unthinkable action for most Greek men.
But though Pericles became the butt of vicious jokes about his private life, in public office he was known for his incorruptibility and refusal to accept gifts from other aristocrats, as was the normal custom. Instead he kept to himself, limiting his public appearances before the assembly, but slowly coming to dominate it with his aristocratic style and superb oratory skills.
페리클레스는 첫부인과는 이혼을 하고
외국에서 온 소크라테스가 당대의 가장 지적이로
위트있는 여자라고 말한 아스파시아와 (그녀는 고급코티잔이라고 할 수 있는데 당시에 사회적인 활동을 할 수 있는
여자들은 바로 조선시대의 기생같은 존재밖엔 없었다고 합니다.)
페리클레스가 그녀를 자신과 동등한 사람으로 대접하는 일이
당대의 남자들에겐 거의 충격적인 일이었다는 말이 있더군요.
사실 그녀는 페리클레스의 유명한 연설원고를 작성한
장본인이란 말도 있었습니다.
Reconstruction of the Parthenon from The Greeks documentary
In 447 Pericles began the project he is most famous for: the building program on the Acropolis. Through its great naval alliance the city controlled an empire - Pericles now insisted his countrymen support him in constructing a building whose magnificence, architectural genius, and sheer brilliance would reflect the prestige of imperial Athens:
'All kinds of enterprises should be created which will provide an inspiration for every art, find employment for every hand... we must devote ourselves to acquiring things that will be the source of everlasting fame.'
The most ambitious building program in Greek history, the building of the Parthenon was Pericles' greatest triumph and he oversaw the project personally. Costing 5000 talents in the first year alone - a figure equivalent to some $3 billion in today's money - the building was completed in less than 15 years, despite attempts to derail the projects by Pericles' political opponents. Made from 20 thousand tons of marble quarried from nearby Mount Pentelicus, the huge cost of the building was partly financed from the treasury of the Delian League, which caused great resentment among many of Athens' allies, who were to be the source of many future troubles...
우리가 페리클레스의 정치적인 업적이나 상황에 대해서
모른다해도 그는 페르시아 원정대에 의해 공격당해서 폐허가
된 아테네를 재건한 인물로 기억되겠지요?
지금 돈으로 환산하면 30억달라에 해당하는 비용으로
이 작업을 진행하고 감독했는데 그로 인해서
정적들로부터 비난을 받고
델로스 동맹의 기금을 헐어 쓴 일로 인해 동맹국들로부터도
지탄의 대상이 되었겠지요?
그것이 나중에 펠로폰네소스전쟁의 도화선중에 하나가
되었을 것 같아요.
In the early years of Pericles' power he was constantly challenged for the leadership of Athens. One opponent, Thucydides (not the historian of the same name), a relative of the ostracised Cimon, tried a novel way to subvert Pericles' influence. Rather like a modern political party, he arranged for all his supporters to sit in one block in the assembly in order to strengthen his cause. Sadly for Thucydides, the plan backfired by exposing just how little support he really had. A champion wrestler who had won the Olympics, he later said of Pericles:
'If I wrestle him to the ground he will deny this and deny it so vigorously that he will convince even those who witnessed the fight.'
Thucydides was Pericles' main rival for a number of years but eventually followed Cimon into exile in 443, having also lost an ostracism vote.
With the politician Thucydides gone, Pericles remained secure as Athens' leading statesman for the rest of his life. As the historian Thucydides observed of Athens during Pericles' long rule over it:
'In name democracy, but in fact the rule of one man.'
그의 가장 강력한 정적중의 한 명이 역사가와 이름이 같은
튜키디데스인데 그는 의회에서 페리클레스를 깍아내리려
한 시도에서 좌절하고 결국 그의 친척 시몬처럼
도편추방되었다고 하네요.
그 뒤로 페리클레스는 죽을 때까지 아테네의 지도자 자리를
유지했는데 역사가 투키디데스는 그의 통치는 사실은
한 사람이 아테네를 다스리는 체제였다고 표현했다고 합니다.
우연히 pbs에 접속이 되어 즐거운 시간이 되었는데
더 찾아보기엔 너무 늦은 시간이네요.
공부의 즐거움을 알기엔
역시 어린 나이보다는 무엇인가 알고 싶은 욕구가 생긴
청년기 이후가 더 좋은 시기가 아닌가
그런 이야기를 목요일 수업끝나고 점심을 먹으면서
여럿이서 함께 이야기를 하기도 했는데
정말 어린 시절에는 운동,악기 서로 어울려서 협동하는 법
아이들 사이의 갈등을 조절하는 능력 키우기
그리고 내가 누구인가에 대해서 더 생각해보기
실제적인 일을 처리할 수 있는 능력기르기등을 한 다음
가치관이 선 이후에 자신이 정말 하고 싶은 일을 찾을 수 있다면
얼마나 아이들에게 살아있는 교육이 가능하겠는가
공상을 하는 시간이기도 합니다.
회원정보가 없습니다